My philosophical views of love and like

Many of you must have listened the words "like" and "love".

Surely, you all must be using it in your daily life.

According to my philosophical views, love is unconditional. The word unconditional itself defines it that no condition is applied on it. If you love someone, you will accept him or her with all of his or her abilities and disabilities. You don't demand any kind of perfection in anyone if you are in love with that person.

As once a man fell for a girl. The girl was not that much beautiful. But for him that girl was above everyone. People used to ask him,

"Why you are dying for that girl? In fact she is not beautiful.

His answer was very beautiful.

Can u imagine what his answer was?

Let me tell you!

“He said you people are looking her with your own eyes, when you people would see her with mines you would able to know how beautiful she was beautiful”

Look how beautifully this parable is explaining the beauty of love...that unconditional love....

On the other hand, according to me, the word “like” has different meaning. It involves perfection. You can like someone because of his or her ability, beauty, skill etc. If someone is beautiful you will like his or her beauty. Once someone's beauty or ability has gone, you might not like that person. Because the reason of your liking has gone now.

Well it’s just my point of view.

In short, for me, liking someone includes involvement of either perfection or standard but love is unconditional and it should b.

I used to think over it again and again, and after all of it I have come to above conclusion.

You people have different understanding of these words.

Can you people define and differentiate between these two words?

Do dreams represent unconscious wish fulfillment?

Psychoanalytic explanations of dreams;

Do dreams represent unconscious wish fulfillment?

Using psycholoanalytic theory, Sigmund Freud viewed dreams as a guide to the unconscious.

Unconscious wish fulfillment theory

In his unconscious wish fulfillment theory, Sigmund Fraud’s proposed that dreams represent unconscious wishes that dreamers desire to see fulfilled.

Latent content of dreams

According to Freud, the ‘disguised’ meanings of dreams, hidden by more obvious subjects.

Manifest content of dreams

According to Freud, the apparent story line of dreams.

To Freud it was an important to pierce the armor of a dream’s manifest content to understand its true meaning. To do this, Freud tried to get people to discuss their dreams, association symbols in the dreams with events in the past. He also suggested that certain common symbols with universal meanings appear in dreams.

For example, to Freud, dreams in which a person is flying symbolize a wish for sexual intercourse.

Many psychologists reject Freud view that dreams typically represent unconscious wishes and those particular objects and events in a dream are symbolic. Rather, they believe that the direct, overt action of a dream is the focal point of its meaning. 

For example, a dream in which we are walking down a long hallway to take an exam for which we haven’t studied does not relate to unconscious, unacceptable wishes. 

Instead, it simply may mean that we are concerned about an impending test. Even more complex dreams can often be interpreted in terms of everyday concern and stress (PIcchioni et al., 2002; Cartwright, Agargum, & Kirkby, 2006)

       Moreover, some dreams reflect events occurring in the dreamer’s environment as he or she is sleeping. 

For example, sleeping participants in one experiment were sprayed with water while they were dreaming. Those unlucky volunteers reported more dreams involving water then did a comparison group of participants who were left to sleep undisturbed (Dement & Wolpert, 1958).

 Similarly, it is not unusual to wake up to find that the doorbell that was heard ringing in a dream is actually an alarm clock telling us it is time to get up.

       However, PET brain scan research does lend a degree of support for a wish fulfillment view.

For example, the limbic and paralimbic regions of the brain, which are associated with emotions and motivation, are particularly active during REM sleep. At the same time, the association areas of the prefrontal cortex, which control logical analysis and attention, are inactive during REM sleep.

The high activation of emotional and motivational centers of the brain during dreaming makes it more plausible that dreams may reflect unconscious wishes and instinctual needs, as Freud suggested (Braun et al., 1998; Occhionero, 2004; Wehrle et al., 2007).

(Note)

The material provided in the post is taken from the book “UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGY”   (10^th edition)

All credit goes to the author; Robert S. Feldman 

 (University of Massachusetts, Amherst)

The function and meaning of dream

 The function and    meaning of dream

I was sitting at my desk when I remembered that this was the day of my chemistry final. I was terrified, because I hadn’t studied a bit for it. In fact, I had missed every lecture all semester. In a panic, running across campus desperately searching for the classroom, to which id never been. It was hopeless, I know I was going to fail and flunk out of college.

If you had a similar dream—a surprisingly common dream among people involved in academic pursuits—you know how utterly convincing are the panic and fear that the events in the dream can bring about.

Nightmares, unusually frightening dreams, occur fairly often. In one survey, almost half of a group of college students who kept records of their dreams over a two-week period reported having at least one nightmare. This work out to some 24 nightmares per person each year, on average (Levin & Nielsen, 2009; Nielson, Stenstrom, & Levin 2006; Schredl et al., 2009).

   However, most of the 150000 dreams the average person experiences by the age of 70 are much less dramatic. They typically encompass everyday events such as going to the supermarket, working at the office, and preparing a meal. Students dream about lecturing. Dental patients dream of getting their teeth drilled; dentists dream of drilling the wrong tooth. The English have tea with the queen in their dreams; in the united state, people go to a bar with the president (Domhoff, 1996; Schredl & Piel, 2005; Tylor & Bryant, 2007).

Thematic event	Percentage of dreams reporting at least one event
	Males	Females
Aggression	47%	44%
Friendliness	38%	42%
Sexuality	12%	04%
Misfortune	36%	33%
Success	15%	08%
failure	15%	10%

(Although dreams tend to be subjective o the person having them, there are common elements that frequently occur in everyone’s dreams)

There are three alternative theories that will be discussed in the next blog.

(Note)

The material provided in the post is taken from the book “UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGY”   (10^th edition)

All credit goes to the author; Robert S. Feldman 

 (University of Massachusetts, Amherst)

Why do we sleep, and how much sleep is necessary?

Why do we sleep, and how  much  sleep is necessary?

Sleep is a requirement for normal human functioning, although surprisingly, we don’t know exactly why. It is reasonable to expect that our bodies would require a tranquil ‘rest and relaxation’ period to revitalize themselves, and experiments with rats show that total sleep deprivation results in death.

But why?

First explanation;

It is based on evolutionary perspective. It suggests that sleep permitted our ancestors to conserve energy at night, a time when food was relatively hard to come by. Consequently, they were better able to forage for food when the sun is up.

Second explanation;

According to it sleep restores and replenishes or brains and bodies. For instance, the reduced activity of the brain during non-REM sleep may give neurons in the brain a chance to repair themselves. Furthermore, the onset of REM sleep stops the release of neurotransmitters called manoamines  and so permits receptor cells to get some necessary rest and to increase their sensitivity during period of wakefulness (McNamara, 2004;siegal, 2003; Steiger, 2007).

Final explanation;

Finally, sleep may be essential, because it assists physical growth and brain development in children. For example, the release of growth hormones is associated with deep sleep (Peterfi et al. 2010)

Still these explanations remain speculative, and there is no definitive answer as to why sleep is essential.

People who participate in sleep deprivation experiments, in which they are kept awake for stretches as long as 200 hours, show no lasting effects.

 It’s not fun they feel:

Ø     Weary and irritable,

Ø     Can’t concentrate,

Ø     Show a loss of creativity,

Ø     Even after only minor deprivation.

Ø     Feel edgy

Ø     Slow our reaction time

Ø     Lower our performance on academic and physical tasks

 There is also a decline in logical reasoning ability. However, after being allowed to sleep normally, they bounce back quickly and are able to perform at pre deprivation levels after just a few days (Babson et al., 2009; Mograss et al, .2009)

In short, as far as we know, most people suffer no permanent consequences of such temporary sleep deprivation. But –this is an important but --- a lack of sleep can also affect our normal functioning.

(Note)

The material provided in the post is taken from the book “UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGY”   (10^th edition)

All credit goes to the author; Robert S. Feldman 

 (University of Massachusetts, Amherst)

Careers for psychology majors

Careers for psychology majors

Although some psychology majors head for graduate school in psychology or an unrelated field. The majority join the workforce immediately after graduation. Most report that the jobs they take after graduation are related to their psychology background.

The most common areas of employment for psychology majors are in the social services, including working as an administrator, serving as a counselor, and providing direct care. Some 20% of recipients of bachelor’s degree in psychology work in the social services or in some other form of public affairs. In addition, psychology majors often enter the fields of education or business or work for federal, state, and local government.

It is an emerging discipline some of the fields related to this discipline are as follows

Positions obtained by psychological majors

Business field

·     Administrative assistant

·     Affirmative action officer

·     Advertising trainee

·     Benefits manager

·     Claims specialist

·     Community relations officer

·     Customer relations

·     Data management

·     Employee recruitment

·     Employee counselor

·     Human resources coordinator

·     Labor relations manager/specialist

·     Loan officer

·     Management trainee

·     Marketing

·     Personal manager/officer

·     Product and services research

·     Program/events coordination

·     Public relations

·     Retail sales management

·     Sales representative

·     Staff training and development

·     Training officer

Educational / academic field

·     Administrative

·     Child-care provider

·     Child-care worker

·     Data management

·     Laboratory assistant

·     Parent/family education

·     Preschool teacher

·     Public opinion surveyor

·     Research assistant

·     Teaching assistant

Social field

·     Activities coordinator

·     Behavioral specialist

·     Career counselor

·     Case worker

·     Child protection worker

·     Clinical coordinator

·     Community outreach worker

·     Corrections officer

·     Counselor assistant

·     Crises intervention counselor

·     Employment counselor

·     Group home attendant

·     Occupational therapist

·     Probation officer

·     Program manager

·     Rehabilitation counselor

·     Residence counselor

·     Mental health assistant

·     Social service assistant

·     Social worker

·     Substance abuse counselor

·     Youth counselor

(Note)

The material provided in the post is taken from the book “UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGY”   (10^th edition)

All credit goes to the author; Robert S. Feldman 

 (University of Massachusetts, Amherst)

           

Strategies to memorize new material

Strategies to memorize new material

You have your choice of dozens of techniques of memorization. Keep in mind that no one strategy works by itself. Also feel free to devise your own strategies or add those that have worked for you in the past.

Rehearsal

Rehearsal is the key strategy in remembering information. If you don’t rehearse material, it will never make it into your memory. Repeating the information, summarizing it, associating it with other memories, and above all thinking about it when you first come across it will ensure that rehearsal will be effective in placing the material into your memory.

Mnemonics

Mnemonics are the tricks-of-the-trade that professional memory expert use, and you can use them to nail down the information you will need to recall for tests.

   Among the most common mnemonics are the following:

1.Acronyms

2.Acrostic

3.Rhymes and jingles

Acronyms

Acronyms are the words or phrases formed by the first letters of a series of terms. Acronyms can be a big help in remembering things.

For example: “RADAR” is an acronym for “radio detecting and ranging”

Acrostic

Acrostics are sentences n which the first letters spell out something that needs to be recalled. The benefits as well as the drawbacks of acrostic are similar to those of acronyms.

Rhymes and jingles

“ Thirty days hath September, April, June and November.” If you know the rest of the rhyme, you’re familiar with one of the most commonly used mnemonics jingles in the English language.

Use of Multiple senses

The more senses you can involve when you’re trying to learn new material, the better you’ll be able to remember.

You can make use of the fact that memories are stored in multiple ways by applying the following techniques:

When you learn something, use your          body.

Don’t sit passively at your desk. Instead, move around.

·     Stand up,

·     Sit down

·     touch the page

·     Trace figures with fingers.

·     Talk to yourself

·     Think out loud

Draw and diagram the material

When we draw and diagram material, one of the things we are doing is expanding the modalities in which information can be stored in our minds. Creating drawings, sketches, and even cartoons can help us remembering better.

Visualize

Visualization is a technique by which images are formed to ensure that material is recalled. Don’t stop at visualizing images just in your mind’s eye’

·     It helps make abstract ideas concrete

·     It engages multiple senses

·     It permits us to link different bits of information together

·     It provides us with a context for storing information.

Over learning

It consists of studying and rehearsing material past the point of initial mastery. Through over learning recall becomes automatic.

(Note)

The material provided in the post is taken from the book “UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGY”   (10^th edition)

All credit goes to the author; Robert S. Feldman 

 (University of Massachusetts, Amherst)